# Copyright 2017 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved. # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. # ============================================================================= """Optimizer that implements cross-shard gradient reduction for TPU.""" from tensorflow.python.framework import ops from tensorflow.python.ops.losses import losses from tensorflow.python.platform import tf_logging as logging from tensorflow.python.tpu import tpu_function from tensorflow.python.tpu.ops import tpu_ops from tensorflow.python.training import optimizer from tensorflow.python.util.tf_export import tf_export @tf_export(v1=["tpu.CrossShardOptimizer"]) class CrossShardOptimizer(optimizer.Optimizer): """An optimizer that averages gradients across TPU shards.""" def __init__(self, opt, reduction=losses.Reduction.MEAN, name="CrossShardOptimizer", group_assignment=None): """Construct a new cross-shard optimizer. Args: opt: An existing `Optimizer` to encapsulate. reduction: The reduction to apply to the shard losses. name: Optional name prefix for the operations created when applying gradients. Defaults to "CrossShardOptimizer". group_assignment: Optional 2d int32 lists with shape [num_groups, num_replicas_per_group] which describles how to apply optimizer to subgroups. Raises: ValueError: If reduction is not a valid cross-shard reduction. """ accepted_reductions = (losses.Reduction.SUM, losses.Reduction.MEAN) if reduction not in accepted_reductions: raise ValueError( f"Argument `reduction` should be one of {accepted_reductions}. " f"Received: {reduction}") if not isinstance(opt, optimizer.Optimizer): raise TypeError( "CrossShardOptimizer only works with tf.training.Optimizer and not " f"Keras Optimizer. Received: {opt}. " "If you are using TPUStrategy, " "Keras Optimizer will sum gradients across replicas." "If you are using TPUEstimator, you may instead sum your gradients " "with:\n" "`grads = [tf.compat.v1.tpu.cross_replica_sum(g) for g in grads]`\n" "If you want to average your gradients, rescale your loss with: " "`loss /= global_batch_size`") super(CrossShardOptimizer, self).__init__(False, name) self._opt = opt self._reduction = reduction self._group_assignment = group_assignment def _verify_and_get_subgroup_size(self, group_assignment, num_shards): """Verify group_assignment and get the subgroup size". Args: group_assignment: list of group ids for applying the optimizer to subgroups. num_shards: The number of TPU shards. Returns: The size of one subgroup in group_assignment. Raises: ValueError: If group_assignment is invalid. """ if not group_assignment: return None if not (isinstance(group_assignment, list) and all(isinstance(i, list) for i in group_assignment)): raise ValueError( f"Argument `group_assignment` must be a list of lists. " f"Received: {group_assignment}") replica_ids = set() for g in group_assignment: for i in g: replica_ids.add(i) if set(range(num_shards)) != replica_ids: raise ValueError( f"Argument `group_assignment` must be a permutation of " f"range({num_shards}). Received: {group_assignment}") subgroup_size_list = [len(group) for group in group_assignment] if all(subgroup_size_list[0] == size for size in subgroup_size_list): return subgroup_size_list[0] else: raise ValueError("The size of each subgroup in `group_assignment` must " f"be equal. Received: {group_assignment}") def compute_gradients(self, loss, var_list=None, **kwargs): """Compute gradients of "loss" for the variables in "var_list". This simply wraps `compute_gradients()` from the real optimizer. The gradients will be aggregated in `apply_gradients()` so that user can modify the gradients like clipping with per replica global norm if needed. The global norm with aggregated gradients can be bad as one replica's huge gradients can hurt the gradients from other replicas. When the CrossShardOptimizer is constructed with `reduction == losses.Reduction.MEAN` (default), this function scales the loss by `1.0 / num_shards` before computing the gradients. Assuming the optimizer uses the default implementation of `compute_gradients()`, the gradients of the scaled loss are scaled by `1.0 / num_shards` compared to the gradients of the original loss. This scaling factor is important because `apply_gradients()` sums gradients across shards, rather than averaging them. However, the scaling factor must be taken into account when clipping the norm of the gradients or performing other postprocessing. Args: loss: A Tensor containing the value to minimize. var_list: Optional list or tuple of `tf.Variable` to update to minimize `loss`. Defaults to the list of variables collected in the graph under the key `GraphKey.TRAINABLE_VARIABLES`. **kwargs: Keyword arguments for compute_gradients(). Returns: A list of (gradient, variable) pairs. Raises: ValueError: If not within a tpu_shard_context or group_assignment is invalid. """ num_shards = tpu_function.get_tpu_context().number_of_shards if num_shards is None: logging.warning( "CrossShardOptimizer should be used within a tpu_shard_context, but " "got unset number_of_shards. Assuming 1.") num_shards = 1 subgroup_size = self._verify_and_get_subgroup_size(self._group_assignment, num_shards) if num_shards > 1 and self._reduction == losses.Reduction.MEAN: if self._group_assignment: scale = 1.0 / subgroup_size else: scale = 1.0 / num_shards loss *= scale return self._opt.compute_gradients(loss, var_list=var_list, **kwargs) def apply_gradients(self, grads_and_vars, global_step=None, name=None): """Apply gradients to variables. Calls tpu_ops.cross_replica_sum() to sum gradient contributions across replicas, and then applies the real optimizer. Args: grads_and_vars: List of (gradient, variable) pairs as returned by compute_gradients(). global_step: Optional Variable to increment by one after the variables have been updated. name: Optional name for the returned operation. Default to the name passed to the Optimizer constructor. Returns: An `Operation` that applies the gradients. If `global_step` was not None, that operation also increments `global_step`. Raises: ValueError: If the grads_and_vars is malformed. """ summed_grads_and_vars = [] for (grad, var) in grads_and_vars: if grad is None: summed_grads_and_vars.append((grad, var)) else: with ops.colocate_with(grad): summed_grads_and_vars.append((tpu_ops.cross_replica_sum( grad, self._group_assignment), var)) return self._opt.apply_gradients(summed_grads_and_vars, global_step, name) def get_slot(self, *args, **kwargs): """Return a slot named "name" created for "var" by the Optimizer. This simply wraps the get_slot() from the actual optimizer. Args: *args: Arguments for get_slot(). **kwargs: Keyword arguments for get_slot(). Returns: The `Variable` for the slot if it was created, `None` otherwise. """ return self._opt.get_slot(*args, **kwargs) def get_slot_names(self, *args, **kwargs): """Return a list of the names of slots created by the `Optimizer`. This simply wraps the get_slot_names() from the actual optimizer. Args: *args: Arguments for get_slot(). **kwargs: Keyword arguments for get_slot(). Returns: A list of strings. """ return self._opt.get_slot_names(*args, **kwargs) def variables(self): """Forwarding the variables from the underlying optimizer.""" return self._opt.variables()