# Copyright 2019 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved. # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. # ============================================================================== """Contains the loss scaling optimizer class.""" import tensorflow.compat.v2 as tf from keras import backend from keras import optimizers from keras.optimizers.optimizer_experimental import ( optimizer as optimizer_experimental, ) from keras.optimizers.optimizer_v2 import optimizer_v2 from keras.optimizers.optimizer_v2 import utils as optimizer_utils from keras.utils import generic_utils # isort: off from tensorflow.python.keras.optimizer_v2 import ( optimizer_v2 as legacy_optimizer, ) from tensorflow.python.platform import tf_logging from tensorflow.python.util.tf_export import keras_export class _UnwrapPreventer: """Wrapper that DistributionStrategy will not unwrap. Typically, DistributionStrategy will unwrap values when going from a cross- replica context to a replica context via `call_for_each_replica`. This class is a wrapper that DistributionStrategy will not unwrap, so it can be used to prevent it from unwrapping a value. TODO(reedwm): Find/implement a better way of preventing values from being unwrapped by DistributionStrategy """ __slots__ = ["value"] def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def _is_all_finite(grads): """Returns a scalar boolean tensor indicating if all gradients are finite.""" is_finite_per_grad = [ tf.reduce_all(tf.math.is_finite(g)) for g in grads if g is not None ] return tf.reduce_all(is_finite_per_grad) def _op_in_graph_mode(tensor): """Returns the tensor's op in graph mode, or the tensor in eager mode. This is useful because sometimes an op is needed in graph mode instead of a tensor. In eager mode, there are no ops. Args: tensor: A tensor. Returns: The tensor's op in graph mode. The tensor in eager mode. """ if tf.executing_eagerly(): return tensor return tensor.op def _assign_if_finite(var, value): """Assigns a value to a variable if the value is finite.""" return tf.cond( tf.math.is_finite(value), lambda: _op_in_graph_mode(var.assign(value)), tf.no_op, ) def _maybe_warn_about_scaling( loss_has_been_scaled, gradients_have_been_unscaled ): """Warn if the loss or gradients hasn't been scaled or unscaled.""" if loss_has_been_scaled and gradients_have_been_unscaled: return example_code = """ with tf.GradientTape() as tape: loss = loss_fn() scaled_loss = opt.get_scaled_loss(loss) scaled_grads = tape.gradient(scaled_loss, vars) grads = opt.get_unscaled_gradients(scaled_grads) opt.apply_gradients([(grads, var)])""" if not loss_has_been_scaled and not gradients_have_been_unscaled: tf_logging.warning( "You forgot to call LossScaleOptimizer.get_scaled_loss() and " "LossScaleOptimizer.get_unscaled_gradients() before calling " "LossScaleOptimizer.apply_gradients(). This will likely result in " "worse model quality, so please call them in the correct places! " f"For example:{example_code}\nFor more information, see " "https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/keras/mixed_precision/LossScaleOptimizer" # noqa: E501 ) elif not loss_has_been_scaled: tf_logging.warning( "You forgot to call LossScaleOptimizer.get_scaled_loss() before " "calling LossScaleOptimizer.apply_gradients() (you did call " "get_unscaled_gradients() however). This will likely result in " "worse model quality, so please call get_scaled_loss() in the " f"correct place! For example:{example_code}\nFor more information, " "see " "https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/keras/mixed_precision/LossScaleOptimizer" # noqa: E501 ) elif not gradients_have_been_unscaled: tf_logging.warning( "You forgot to call LossScaleOptimizer.get_unscaled_gradients() " "before calling LossScaleOptimizer.apply_gradients() (you did call " "get_scaled_loss() however). This will likely result in worse " "model quality, so please call get_unscaled_gradients() in the " f"correct place! For example:{example_code}\nFor more information, " "see " "https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/keras/mixed_precision/LossScaleOptimizer" # noqa: E501 ) class _DynamicLossScaleState(tf.__internal__.tracking.Trackable): """The state of a dynamic loss scale.""" def __init__(self, initial_loss_scale, growth_steps, multiplier): """Creates the dynamic loss scale.""" super().__init__() self._initial_loss_scale = float(initial_loss_scale) self._growth_steps = int(growth_steps) self._multiplier = float(multiplier) self._weights = {} self._current_loss_scale = self._add_weight( name="current_loss_scale", dtype=tf.float32, initial_value=self._initial_loss_scale, ) # The number of consecutive steps with finite gradients since the last # nonfinite gradient or change in loss scale. The name is 'good_steps' # for backwards compatibility with older checkpoints. self._counter = self._add_weight( name="good_steps", dtype=tf.int64, initial_value=0 ) def _add_weight(self, name, initial_value, dtype=None): """Adds a weight to this loss scale. Args: name: Variable name. initial_value: The variable's initial value. dtype: The type of the variable. Returns: A variable. Raises: RuntimeError: If a weight with `name` has already been added. """ variable = tf.Variable( initial_value=initial_value, name=name, dtype=dtype, trainable=False, synchronization=tf.VariableSynchronization.AUTO, # Set aggregation to NONE, as loss scaling variables should never be # aggregated. aggregation=tf.VariableAggregation.NONE, ) if tf.executing_eagerly(): graph_key = None else: graph = tf.compat.v1.get_default_graph() graph_key = graph._graph_key key = (name, graph_key) self._weights[key] = variable self._handle_deferred_dependencies(name=name, trackable=variable) backend.track_variable(variable) return variable def _trackable_children(self, save_type="checkpoint", **kwargs): """From Trackable. Gather graph-specific weights to save.""" if tf.executing_eagerly(): graph_key = None else: graph = tf.compat.v1.get_default_graph() graph_key = graph._graph_key weights = {} for (name, g), v in sorted( self._weights.items(), key=lambda i: i[0][0] ): if g == graph_key: weights[name] = v weights.update(super()._trackable_children(save_type, **kwargs)) return weights def _lookup_dependency(self, name): """From Trackable. Find a weight in the current graph.""" unconditional = super()._lookup_dependency(name) if unconditional is not None: return unconditional if tf.executing_eagerly(): graph_key = None else: graph = tf.compat.v1.get_default_graph() graph_key = graph._graph_key return self._weights.get((name, graph_key), None) @property def initial_loss_scale(self): return self._initial_loss_scale @property def growth_steps(self): return self._growth_steps @property def multiplier(self): return self._multiplier @property def current_loss_scale(self): """Returns the current loss scale as a float32 `tf.Variable`.""" return self._current_loss_scale @property def counter(self): """Returns the counter as a float32 `tf.Variable`.""" return self._counter def __call__(self): """Returns the current loss scale as a scalar `float32` tensor.""" return tf.convert_to_tensor(self._current_loss_scale) def update(self, grads): """Updates the value of the loss scale. Args: grads: A nested structure of unscaled gradients, each which is an all-reduced gradient of the loss with respect to a weight. Returns: update_op: In eager mode, None. In graph mode, an op to update the loss scale. should_apply_gradients: Either a bool or a scalar boolean tensor. If False, the caller should skip applying `grads` to the variables this step. """ grads = tf.nest.flatten(grads) if ( tf.distribute.has_strategy() and tf.distribute.in_cross_replica_context() ): distribution = tf.distribute.get_strategy() is_finite_per_replica = distribution.extended.call_for_each_replica( _is_all_finite, args=(grads,) ) # Each replica computed the same `is_finite` value, since `grads` is # all-reduced across replicas. Arbitrarily take `is_finite` from the # first replica. is_finite = distribution.experimental_local_results( is_finite_per_replica )[0] else: is_finite = _is_all_finite(grads) def update_if_finite_grads(): """Update assuming the gradients are finite.""" def incr_loss_scale(): new_loss_scale = self.current_loss_scale * self.multiplier return tf.group( _assign_if_finite(self.current_loss_scale, new_loss_scale), self.counter.assign(0), ) return tf.cond( self.counter + 1 >= self.growth_steps, incr_loss_scale, lambda: _op_in_graph_mode(self.counter.assign_add(1)), ) def update_if_not_finite_grads(): """Update assuming the gradients are nonfinite.""" new_loss_scale = tf.maximum( self.current_loss_scale / self.multiplier, 1 ) return tf.group( self.counter.assign(0), self.current_loss_scale.assign(new_loss_scale), ) update_op = tf.cond( is_finite, update_if_finite_grads, update_if_not_finite_grads ) should_apply_gradients = is_finite return update_op, should_apply_gradients # See LossScaleOptimizer docstring for why this is so big _DEFAULT_INITIAL_SCALE = 2**15 _DEFAULT_GROWTH_STEPS = 2000 # TODO(b/215389169): Delete this class after `OptimizerV2` is deprecated. class LossScaleOptimizerMetaclass(type): """Metaclass that delegates LossScaleOptimizer instance creation. This metaclass causes a LossScaleOptimizer or LossScaleOptimizerV3 to be created when a BaseLossScaleOptimizer is constructed. As a result, when a user creates a loss scale optimizer with `tf.keras.mixed_precision.LossScaleOptimizer(opt)`, either a LossScaleOptimizer or LossScaleOptimizerV3 will be created, depending on the type of `opt`. """ def __call__(cls, inner_optimizer, *args, **kwargs): if cls is not BaseLossScaleOptimizer: return super(LossScaleOptimizerMetaclass, cls).__call__( inner_optimizer, *args, **kwargs ) if isinstance(inner_optimizer, optimizer_v2.OptimizerV2): return LossScaleOptimizer(inner_optimizer, *args, **kwargs) elif isinstance(inner_optimizer, optimizer_experimental.Optimizer): return LossScaleOptimizerV3(inner_optimizer, *args, **kwargs) # Raise TypeError because inner_optimizer is not an optimizer msg = ( f'"inner_optimizer" must be an instance of ' f"`tf.keras.optimizers.Optimizer` or " f"`tf.keras.optimizers.experimental.Optimizer`, but got: " f"{inner_optimizer}." ) if isinstance(inner_optimizer, legacy_optimizer.OptimizerV2): msg += ( ' Please make sure "inner_optimizer" is not an instance of ' "`tensorflow.python.keras.optimizers`, which is " "the legacy keras code and will be removed in future release. " "Please use the tf.keras public API instead." ) raise TypeError(msg) # TODO(b/215389169): Delete this class after `OptimizerV2` is deprecated. @keras_export("keras.mixed_precision.LossScaleOptimizer") class BaseLossScaleOptimizer(metaclass=LossScaleOptimizerMetaclass): """An optimizer that applies loss scaling to prevent numeric underflow. Loss scaling is a technique to prevent numeric underflow in intermediate gradients when float16 is used. To prevent underflow, the loss is multiplied (or "scaled") by a certain factor called the "loss scale", which causes intermediate gradients to be scaled by the loss scale as well. The final gradients are divided (or "unscaled") by the loss scale to bring them back to their original value. `LossScaleOptimizer` wraps another optimizer and applies loss scaling to it. By default, the loss scale is dynamically updated over time so you do not have to choose the loss scale. The `minimize` method automatically scales the loss, unscales the gradients, and updates the loss scale so all you have to do is wrap your optimizer with a `LossScaleOptimizer` if you use `minimize`. For example: >>> opt = tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(0.25) >>> opt = tf.keras.mixed_precision.LossScaleOptimizer(opt) >>> var = tf.Variable(1.) >>> loss_fn = lambda: var ** 2 >>> # 'minimize' applies loss scaling and updates the loss sale. >>> opt.minimize(loss_fn, var_list=var) >>> var.numpy() 0.5 If a `tf.GradientTape` is used to compute gradients instead of `minimize`, you must scale the loss and gradients manually. This can be done with the `LossScaleOptimizer.get_scaled_loss` and `LossScaleOptimizer.get_unscaled_gradients` methods. For example: >>> with tf.GradientTape() as tape: ... loss = loss_fn() ... scaled_loss = opt.get_scaled_loss(loss) >>> scaled_grad = tape.gradient(scaled_loss, var) >>> (grad,) = opt.get_unscaled_gradients([scaled_grad]) >>> opt.apply_gradients([(grad, var)]) # Loss scale is updated here >>> var.numpy() 0.25 Warning: If you forget to call `get_scaled_loss` or `get_unscaled_gradients` (or both) when using a `tf.GradientTape`, the model will likely converge to a worse quality. Please make sure you call each function exactly once. When mixed precision with float16 is used, there is typically no risk of underflow affecting model quality if loss scaling is properly used. See [the mixed precision guide]( https://www.tensorflow.org/guide/keras/mixed_precision) for more information on how to use mixed precision. Args: inner_optimizer: The `tf.keras.optimizers.Optimizer` or `tf.keras.optimizers.experimental.Optimizer` instance to wrap. dynamic: Bool indicating whether dynamic loss scaling is used. Defaults to True. If True, the loss scale will be dynamically updated over time using an algorithm that keeps the loss scale at approximately its optimal value. If False, a single fixed loss scale is used and `initial_scale` must be specified, which is used as the loss scale. Recommended to keep as True, as choosing a fixed loss scale can be tricky. Currently, there is a small performance overhead to dynamic loss scaling compared to fixed loss scaling. initial_scale: The initial loss scale. If `dynamic` is True, this defaults to `2 ** 15`. If `dynamic` is False, this must be specified and acts as the sole loss scale, as the loss scale does not change over time. When dynamic loss scaling is used, is better for this to be a very high number, because a loss scale that is too high gets lowered far more quickly than a loss scale that is too low gets raised. dynamic_growth_steps: With dynamic loss scaling, every `dynamic_growth_steps` steps with finite gradients, the loss scale is doubled. Defaults to 2000. If a nonfinite gradient is encountered, the count is reset back to zero, gradients are skipped that step, and the loss scale is halved. The count can be queried with `LossScaleOptimizer.dynamic_counter`. This argument can only be specified if `dynamic` is True. `LossScaleOptimizer` will occasionally skip applying gradients to the variables, in which case the trainable variables will not change that step. This is done because the dynamic loss scale will sometimes be raised too high, causing overflow in the gradients. Typically, the first 2 to 15 steps of the model are skipped as the initial loss scale is very high, but afterwards steps will only be skipped on average 0.05% of the time (the fraction of steps skipped is `1 / dynamic_growth_steps`). `LossScaleOptimizer` delegates all public `Optimizer` methods to the inner optimizer. Additionally, in methods `minimize` and `get_gradients`, it scales the loss and unscales the gradients. In methods `minimize` and `apply_gradients`, it additionally updates the loss scale and skips applying gradients if any gradient has a nonfinite value. ### Hyperparameters If wrapping a `tf.keras.optimizers.Optimizer`, hyperparameters can be accessed and set on the LossScaleOptimizer, which will be delegated to the wrapped optimizer. >>> opt = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(beta_1=0.8, epsilon=1e-5) >>> opt = tf.keras.mixed_precision.LossScaleOptimizer(opt) >>> opt.beta_1 # Equivalent to `opt.inner_optimizer.beta_1` 0.8 >>> opt.beta_1 = 0.7 # Equivalent to `opt.inner_optimizer.beta_1 = 0.7` >>> opt.beta_1 0.7 >>> opt.inner_optimizer.beta_1 0.7 However, accessing or setting non-hyperparameters is not delegated to the LossScaleOptimizer. In an Adam optimizer, `beta_1` is a hyperparameter but `epsilon` is not, as the Adam optimizer only calls `Optimizer._set_hyper` on `beta_1`. >>> opt.inner_optimizer.epsilon 1e-5 >>> opt.epsilon Traceback (most recent call last): ... AttributeError: 'LossScaleOptimizer' object has no attribute 'epsilon' >>> opt.epsilon = 1e-4 # This does NOT set epsilon on `opt.inner_optimizer` >>> opt.inner_optimizer.epsilon >>> 1e-5 In the above example, despite epsilon being set on the LossScaleOptimizer, the old epsilon value will still be used when training as epsilon was not set on the inner optimizer. """ @property def dynamic(self): """Bool indicating whether dynamic loss scaling is used.""" raise NotImplementedError @property def loss_scale(self): """The current loss scale as a float32 scalar tensor.""" raise NotImplementedError @property def dynamic_counter(self): """The number of steps since the loss scale was last increased or decreased. This is None if `LossScaleOptimizer.dynamic` is False. The counter is incremented every step. Once it reaches `LossScaleOptimizer.dynamic_growth_steps`, the loss scale will be doubled and the counter will be reset back to zero. If nonfinite gradients are encountered, the loss scale will be halved and the counter will be reset back to zero. """ raise NotImplementedError @property def initial_scale(self): """The initial loss scale. If `LossScaleOptimizer.dynamic` is False, this is the same number as `LossScaleOptimizer.loss_scale`, as the loss scale never changes. """ raise NotImplementedError @property def dynamic_growth_steps(self): """The number of steps it takes to increase the loss scale. This is None if `LossScaleOptimizer.dynamic` is False. Every `dynamic_growth_steps` consecutive steps with finite gradients, the loss scale is increased. """ raise NotImplementedError @property def inner_optimizer(self): """The optimizer that this LossScaleOptimizer is wrapping.""" raise NotImplementedError def get_scaled_loss(self, loss): """Scales the loss by the loss scale. This method is only needed if you compute gradients manually, e.g. with `tf.GradientTape`. In that case, call this method to scale the loss before passing the loss to `tf.GradientTape`. If you use `LossScaleOptimizer.minimize` or `LossScaleOptimizer.get_gradients`, loss scaling is automatically applied and this method is unneeded. If this method is called, `get_unscaled_gradients` should also be called. See the `tf.keras.mixed_precision.LossScaleOptimizer` doc for an example. Args: loss: The loss, which will be multiplied by the loss scale. Can either be a tensor or a callable returning a tensor. Returns: `loss` multiplied by `LossScaleOptimizer.loss_scale`. """ # Calls to this function would be delegated to `get_scaled_loss` # of either `LossScaleOptimizer` or `LossScaleOptimizerV3`, depending on # the type of `inner_optimizer`. raise NotImplementedError def get_unscaled_gradients(self, grads): """Unscales the gradients by the loss scale. This method is only needed if you compute gradients manually, e.g. with `tf.GradientTape`. In that case, call this method to unscale the gradients after computing them with `tf.GradientTape`. If you use `LossScaleOptimizer.minimize` or `LossScaleOptimizer.get_gradients`, loss scaling is automatically applied and this method is unneeded. If this method is called, `get_scaled_loss` should also be called. See the `tf.keras.mixed_precision.LossScaleOptimizer` doc for an example. Args: grads: A list of tensors, each which will be divided by the loss scale. Can have None values, which are ignored. Returns: A new list the same size as `grads`, where every non-None value in `grads` is divided by `LossScaleOptimizer.loss_scale`. """ # Calls to this function would be delegated to `get_unscaled_gradients` # of either `LossScaleOptimizer` or `LossScaleOptimizerV3`, depending on # the type of `inner_optimizer`. raise NotImplementedError class LossScaleOptimizer( tf.__internal__.tracking.DelegatingTrackableMixin, optimizer_v2.OptimizerV2, BaseLossScaleOptimizer, ): """An optimizer that applies loss scaling to prevent numeric underflow.""" _HAS_AGGREGATE_GRAD = True def __init__( self, inner_optimizer, dynamic=True, initial_scale=None, dynamic_growth_steps=None, ): if not isinstance(inner_optimizer, optimizer_v2.OptimizerV2): if isinstance(inner_optimizer, optimizer_experimental.Optimizer): # Give better error message if the new experimental optimizer is # passed. raise TypeError( f"You passed an instance of the new experimental " f"optimizer, `optimizer_experimental.Optimizer`, " f"to LossScaleOptimizer, but " f"only the classic optimizers subclassing from " f"`tf.keras.optimizers.Optimizer` can be passed. Please " f"use `loss_scale_optimizer.LossScaleOptimizerV3` " f"instead of " f"`tf.keras.mixed_precision.LossScaleOptimizer`, " f"as the former supports wrapping " f"instances of the new experimental optimizer. " f"Got optimizer: {inner_optimizer}" ) msg = ( '"inner_optimizer" must be an instance of ' "`tf.keras.optimizers.Optimizer`, but got: %s. " % inner_optimizer ) if isinstance(inner_optimizer, legacy_optimizer.OptimizerV2): msg += ( 'Please make sure "inner_optimizer" is not an instance of ' "`tensorflow.python.keras.optimizers`, which is " "the legacy keras code and will be removed in future " "release. Please use the tf.keras public API instead." ) raise TypeError(msg) if not isinstance(dynamic, bool): # Catch errors if a user incorrectly passes a string or float to the # second argument argument, as this was commonly done for the # now-removed LossScaleOptimizerV1. raise TypeError( '"dynamic" argument to LossScaleOptimizer.__init__ must ' "be a bool, but got: %r" % (dynamic,) ) if isinstance(inner_optimizer, LossScaleOptimizer): raise TypeError( "LossScaleOptimizer cannot wrap another " "LossScaleOptimizer, but got: %s" % (inner_optimizer,) ) _raise_if_strategy_unsupported() if getattr( inner_optimizer, "_is_wrapped_by_loss_scale_optimizer", False ): # TODO(reedwm): Maybe support this. The difficulty is that LSO has # the same checkpoint format as the inner optimizer, so multiple # LSOs wrapping the same optimizer causes the checkpointing logic to # become confused. raise ValueError( '"inner_optimizer" is already wrapped by a ' "LossScaleOptimizer. An optimizer can only be wrapped " "by a single LossScaleOptimizer" ) self._optimizer = inner_optimizer self._optimizer._is_wrapped_by_loss_scale_optimizer = True # We don't call super().__init__, since we do not want to call # OptimizerV2's constructor. tf.__internal__.tracking.DelegatingTrackableMixin.__init__( self, self._optimizer ) if dynamic: if initial_scale is None: initial_scale = _DEFAULT_INITIAL_SCALE if dynamic_growth_steps is None: dynamic_growth_steps = _DEFAULT_GROWTH_STEPS self._loss_scale = _DynamicLossScaleState( initial_scale, dynamic_growth_steps, multiplier=2 ) self._track_trackable(self._loss_scale, "loss_scale") else: if initial_scale is None: raise ValueError( '"initial_scale" must be specified if "dynamic" is ' "False" ) self._loss_scale = float(initial_scale) if dynamic_growth_steps is not None: raise ValueError( '"dynamic_growth_steps" must be None if "dynamic" ' "is False, but got: %s" % (dynamic_growth_steps,) ) # Used to track whether get_scaled_loss() and get_unscaled_gradients() # have been called self._loss_has_been_scaled = False self._gradients_have_been_unscaled = False # To support restoring TensorFlow 2.2 checkpoints. self._track_trackable( FakeOptimizerForRestoration(self._optimizer), "base_optimizer" ) @property def dynamic(self): return isinstance(self._loss_scale, _DynamicLossScaleState) @property def loss_scale(self): if isinstance(self._loss_scale, _DynamicLossScaleState): return tf.convert_to_tensor(self._loss_scale.current_loss_scale) else: return tf.convert_to_tensor(self._loss_scale) @property def dynamic_counter(self): if isinstance(self._loss_scale, _DynamicLossScaleState): return self._loss_scale.counter else: return None @property def initial_scale(self): if isinstance(self._loss_scale, _DynamicLossScaleState): return self._loss_scale.initial_loss_scale else: return self._loss_scale @property def dynamic_growth_steps(self): if isinstance(self._loss_scale, _DynamicLossScaleState): return self._loss_scale.growth_steps else: return None @property def inner_optimizer(self): return self._optimizer def get_scaled_loss(self, loss): self._loss_has_been_scaled = True if callable(loss): def new_loss(): loss_val = loss() return loss_val * tf.cast(self.loss_scale, loss_val.dtype) return new_loss else: return loss * tf.cast(self.loss_scale, loss.dtype) def get_unscaled_gradients(self, grads): self._gradients_have_been_unscaled = True loss_scale_reciprocal = 1.0 / self.loss_scale return [ _multiply_gradient(g, loss_scale_reciprocal) if g is not None else None for g in grads ] def _compute_gradients(self, loss, var_list, grad_loss=None, tape=None): tape = tf.GradientTape() if tape is None else tape with tape: loss = self.get_scaled_loss(loss) grads_and_vars = self._optimizer._compute_gradients( loss, var_list, grad_loss, tape=tape ) grads = [g for g, _ in grads_and_vars] weights = [v for _, v in grads_and_vars] unscaled_grads = self.get_unscaled_gradients(grads) return list(zip(unscaled_grads, weights)) def get_gradients(self, loss, params): loss = self.get_scaled_loss(loss) grads = self._optimizer.get_gradients(loss, params) return self.get_unscaled_gradients(grads) def _create_all_weights(self, var_list): self._optimizer._create_all_weights(var_list) def apply_gradients( self, grads_and_vars, name=None, experimental_aggregate_gradients=True ): if tf.distribute.in_cross_replica_context(): raise ValueError( "apply_gradients() must be called in a replica context." ) # We check for the strategy here despite already checking in the # constructor as frequently the optimizer is created outside the # strategy's scope. _raise_if_strategy_unsupported() _maybe_warn_about_scaling( self._loss_has_been_scaled, self._gradients_have_been_unscaled ) grads_and_vars = optimizer_utils.filter_empty_gradients(grads_and_vars) if experimental_aggregate_gradients: # We must aggregate the gradients here instead of in # self.optimizer.apply_gradients, so that any NaN or Inf gradients # are propagated to each replica. If any replica has a NaN or Inf # gradient, they must all have a NaN or Inf gradient so that they # all skip the step. grads_and_vars = self._optimizer._transform_unaggregated_gradients( grads_and_vars ) grads_and_vars = self._optimizer._aggregate_gradients( grads_and_vars ) grads_and_vars = tuple(grads_and_vars) grads = [g for g, _ in grads_and_vars] # We do not want DistributionStrategy to unwrap any MirroredVariables in # grads_and_vars, because even in a replica context, the wrapped # optimizer expects mirrored variables. So we wrap the variables with an # _UnwrapPreventer, preventing DistributionStrategy from unwrapping the # MirroredVariables. wrapped_vars = _UnwrapPreventer([v for _, v in grads_and_vars]) def do_not_apply_fn(): # Normally self._optimizer.iterations is incremented in # self._optimizer.apply_gradients(). Since that is not called in # this branch, we increment it here instead. return self._optimizer.iterations.assign_add(1, read_value=False) def _if_should_apply_grads(grads): if isinstance(self._loss_scale, _DynamicLossScaleState): return self._loss_scale.update(grads) else: return (tf.no_op(), True) if tf.__internal__.distribute.strategy_supports_no_merge_call(): loss_scale_update_op, should_apply_grads = _if_should_apply_grads( grads ) def apply_fn(): return self._apply_gradients(grads, wrapped_vars, name) maybe_apply_op = tf.__internal__.smart_cond.smart_cond( should_apply_grads, apply_fn, do_not_apply_fn ) return tf.group(maybe_apply_op, loss_scale_update_op) else: def _apply_gradients_cross_replica( distribution, grads, wrapped_vars, name ): ( loss_scale_update_op, should_apply_grads, ) = _if_should_apply_grads(grads) def apply_fn(): return distribution.extended.call_for_each_replica( self._apply_gradients, args=(grads, wrapped_vars, name) ) # Note: We must call this cond() in a cross-replica context. # DistributionStrategy does not support having a cond in a # replica context with a branch that calls `merge_call`, and # self._optimizer.apply_gradients calls `merge_call`. maybe_apply_op = tf.__internal__.smart_cond.smart_cond( should_apply_grads, apply_fn, do_not_apply_fn ) return tf.group(maybe_apply_op, loss_scale_update_op) return tf.distribute.get_replica_context().merge_call( _apply_gradients_cross_replica, args=(grads, wrapped_vars, name) ) def _apply_gradients(self, grads, wrapped_vars, name): # Pass experimental_aggregate_gradients=False since LossScaleOptimizer # already aggregated the gradients. # TODO(reedwm): This will raise a fairly cryptic error message if # self._optimizer.apply_gradients does not take # experimental_aggregate_gradients. return self._optimizer.apply_gradients( list(zip(grads, wrapped_vars.value)), name=name, experimental_aggregate_gradients=False, ) def get_config(self): serialized_optimizer = optimizers.serialize(self._optimizer) return { "inner_optimizer": serialized_optimizer, "dynamic": self.dynamic, "initial_scale": self.initial_scale, "dynamic_growth_steps": self.dynamic_growth_steps, } @classmethod def from_config(cls, config, custom_objects=None): config = config.copy() # Make a copy, since we mutate config if "loss_scale" in config: # If loss_scale is in config, we assume we are deserializing a # LossScaleOptimizer from TF 2.3 or below. We convert the config so # it can be deserialized in the current LossScaleOptimizer. loss_scale = generic_utils.deserialize_keras_object( config.pop("loss_scale"), module_objects={ "FixedLossScale": tf.compat.v1.mixed_precision.FixedLossScale, # noqa: E501 "DynamicLossScale": tf.compat.v1.mixed_precision.DynamicLossScale, # noqa: E501 }, printable_module_name="loss scale", ) if isinstance( loss_scale, tf.compat.v1.mixed_precision.FixedLossScale ): config["dynamic"] = False config["initial_scale"] = loss_scale._loss_scale_value elif isinstance( loss_scale, tf.compat.v1.mixed_precision.DynamicLossScale ): config["dynamic"] = True config["initial_scale"] = loss_scale.initial_loss_scale config["dynamic_growth_steps"] = loss_scale.increment_period if loss_scale.multiplier != 2: raise ValueError( "Cannot deserialize LossScaleOptimizer with a " "DynamicLossScale whose multiplier is not 2. Got " "DynamicLossScale: %s" % (loss_scale,) ) else: raise ValueError( "Serialized LossScaleOptimizers with a LossScale that is " "neither a FixedLossScale nor a DynamicLossScale can no " "longer be deserialized" ) config["inner_optimizer"] = config.pop("optimizer") inner_optimizer = optimizers.deserialize( config["inner_optimizer"], custom_objects=custom_objects, use_legacy_optimizer=True, ) del config["inner_optimizer"] return cls(inner_optimizer, **config) # Delegations: We delegate most OptimizerV2 methods to the wrapped optimizer # below. @property def iterations(self): return self._optimizer.iterations @iterations.setter def iterations(self, variable): self._optimizer.iterations = variable def get_slot_names(self): return self._optimizer.get_slot_names() def variables(self): return self._optimizer.variables() @property def weights(self): return self._optimizer.weights def get_weights(self): return self._optimizer.get_weights() def set_weights(self, weights): return self._optimizer.set_weights(weights) @property def clipnorm(self): return self._optimizer.clipnorm @clipnorm.setter def clipnorm(self, val): self._optimizer.clipnorm = val @property def global_clipnorm(self): return self._optimizer.global_clipnorm @global_clipnorm.setter def global_clipnorm(self, val): self._optimizer.global_clipnorm = val @property def clipvalue(self): return self._optimizer.clipvalue @clipvalue.setter def clipvalue(self, val): self._optimizer.clipvalue = val def _aggregate_gradients(self, grads_and_vars): return self._optimizer._aggregate_gradients(grads_and_vars) def _restore_slot_variable(self, slot_name, variable, slot_variable): return self._optimizer._restore_slot_variable( slot_name, variable, slot_variable, ) def _create_or_restore_slot_variable( self, slot_variable_position, slot_name, variable ): return self._optimizer._create_or_restore_slot_variable( slot_variable_position, slot_name, variable ) def get_slot(self, var, slot_name): return self._optimizer.get_slot(var, slot_name) def add_slot(self, var, slot_name, initializer="zeros"): return self._optimizer.add_slot(var, slot_name, initializer) def __getattribute__(self, name): try: return object.__getattribute__(self, name) except AttributeError as e: if name == "_optimizer" or name == "_hyper": # Avoid infinite recursion raise e # Delegate hyperparameter accesses to inner optimizer. if name == "lr": name = "learning_rate" if name in self._optimizer._hyper: return self._optimizer._get_hyper(name) raise e def __dir__(self): result = set(super().__dir__()) if "_optimizer" in result: result |= self._optimizer._hyper.keys() if "learning_rate" in self._optimizer._hyper.keys(): result.add("lr") return list(result) def __setattr__(self, name, value): if name == "lr": name = "learning_rate" # Delegate setting hyperparameter to inner optimizer if the attribute # does not exist on the LossScaleOptimizer try: # We cannot check for the 'iterations' attribute as it cannot be set # after it is accessed. if name != "iterations": object.__getattribute__(self, name) has_attribute = True except AttributeError: has_attribute = False if ( name != "_optimizer" and name in self._optimizer._hyper and not has_attribute ): self._optimizer._set_hyper(name, value) else: super().__setattr__(name, value) # Explicitly delegate learning_rate. Normally hyperparameters are delegated # in __getattribute__, but if a hyperparameter is not in # self._optimizer._hyper (e.g. because self._optimizer itself wraps another # optimizer), then it won't be delegated. Since learning_rate is a very # commonly accessed hyperparameter, we delegate it here. @property def learning_rate(self): return self._optimizer.learning_rate @learning_rate.setter def learning_rate(self, value): self._optimizer.learning_rate = value @property def lr(self): return self._optimizer.learning_rate @lr.setter def lr(self, value): self._optimizer.lr = value # We do not override some OptimizerV2 methods. For each, we describe why we # do not delegate them to self._optimizer: # * get_updates: get_updates() calls get_gradients(). Since we override # get_gradients(), we cannot delegate get_updates() to self._optimizer, # otherwise the overridden get_gradients() method would not be called. # Luckily, get_updates() does not access any OptimizerV2 fields, so # inheriting the OptimizerV2 version works fine. # * minimize: We don't delegate for a similar as get_updates(): it calls # both self._compute_gradients() and self.apply_gradients(), and both need # to have the LossScaleOptimizer version called. # TODO(reedwm): Maybe throw an error if mixed precision is used without this # optimizer being used. class LossScaleOptimizerV3( tf.__internal__.tracking.DelegatingTrackableMixin, optimizer_experimental.Optimizer, BaseLossScaleOptimizer, ): """An optimizer that applies loss scaling to prevent numeric underflow. This is a copy of the `mixed_precision.LossScaleOptimizer` class defined above, except it subclasses and wraps the new experimental Optimizer class instead of the `tf.keras.optimizers.Optimizer` class. Some of the methods this class defines and calls are different compared to LossScaleOptimizer due to the differences between the two Optimizer base classes. Additionally, this class does not support the legacy graph mode, but LossScaleOptimizer does. Since the new experimental Optimizer does not have a hyperparameter concept, LossScaleOptimizerV3 does not delegate arbitrary hyperparameter accesses to the inner optimizer, unlike LossScaleOptimizer. LossScaleOptimizerV3 does delegate the "learning_rate" attribute, however. """ @tf.__internal__.tracking.no_automatic_dependency_tracking def __init__( self, inner_optimizer, dynamic=True, initial_scale=None, dynamic_growth_steps=None, ): if not isinstance(inner_optimizer, optimizer_experimental.Optimizer): if isinstance(inner_optimizer, optimizer_v2.OptimizerV2): # Give better error message if the OptimizerV2 class is passed # instead of the new experimental optimizer. raise TypeError( f"You passed a `tf.keras.optimizer.Optimizer` instance to " f"LossScaleOptimizerV3, but only the new experimental " f"optimizer defined in " f"keras/optimizer_expeirmental/optimizer.py can be " f"passed. Please use " f"`tf.keras.mixed_precision.LossScaleOptimizer` " f"instead of LossScaleOptimizerV3, as the former supports " f"`tf.keras.optimizer.Optimizer`s. Got optimizer: " f"{inner_optimizer}" ) raise TypeError( f'"inner_optimizer" must be an instance of ' f"Optimizer, but got: {inner_optimizer}." ) if not isinstance(dynamic, bool): # Catch errors if a user incorrectly passes a string or float to the # second argument argument, as this was commonly done for the # now-removed LossScaleOptimizerV1. raise TypeError( f'"dynamic" argument to LossScaleOptimizer.__init__ must ' f"be a bool, but got: {repr(dynamic)}" ) if isinstance(inner_optimizer, LossScaleOptimizerV3): raise TypeError( f"LossScaleOptimizer cannot wrap another " f"LossScaleOptimizer, but got: {inner_optimizer}" ) _raise_if_strategy_unsupported() if getattr( inner_optimizer, "_is_wrapped_by_loss_scale_optimizer", False ): # TODO(reedwm): Maybe support this. The difficulty is that LSO has # the same checkpoint format as the inner optimizer, so multiple # LSOs wrapping the same optimizer causes the checkpointing logic to # become confused. raise ValueError( '"inner_optimizer" is already wrapped by a ' "LossScaleOptimizer. An optimizer can only be wrapped " "by a single LossScaleOptimizer" ) self._optimizer = inner_optimizer self._optimizer._is_wrapped_by_loss_scale_optimizer = True # We don't call super().__init__, since we do not want to call # Optimizer's constructor. tf.__internal__.tracking.DelegatingTrackableMixin.__init__( self, self._optimizer ) if dynamic: if initial_scale is None: initial_scale = _DEFAULT_INITIAL_SCALE if dynamic_growth_steps is None: dynamic_growth_steps = _DEFAULT_GROWTH_STEPS self._loss_scale = _DynamicLossScaleState( initial_scale, dynamic_growth_steps, multiplier=2 ) self._track_trackable(self._loss_scale, "loss_scale") else: if initial_scale is None: raise ValueError( '"initial_scale" must be specified if "dynamic" is ' "False" ) self._loss_scale = float(initial_scale) if dynamic_growth_steps is not None: raise ValueError( f'"dynamic_growth_steps" must be None if "dynamic" ' f"is False, but got: {dynamic_growth_steps}" ) # Used to track whether get_scaled_loss() and get_unscaled_gradients() # have been called self._loss_has_been_scaled = False self._gradients_have_been_unscaled = False @property def dynamic(self): return isinstance(self._loss_scale, _DynamicLossScaleState) @property def loss_scale(self): if isinstance(self._loss_scale, _DynamicLossScaleState): return tf.convert_to_tensor(self._loss_scale.current_loss_scale) else: return tf.convert_to_tensor(self._loss_scale) @property def dynamic_counter(self): if isinstance(self._loss_scale, _DynamicLossScaleState): return self._loss_scale.counter else: return None @property def initial_scale(self): if isinstance(self._loss_scale, _DynamicLossScaleState): return self._loss_scale.initial_loss_scale else: return self._loss_scale @property def dynamic_growth_steps(self): if isinstance(self._loss_scale, _DynamicLossScaleState): return self._loss_scale.growth_steps else: return None @property def inner_optimizer(self): return self._optimizer def get_scaled_loss(self, loss): self._loss_has_been_scaled = True if callable(loss): def new_loss(): loss_val = loss() return loss_val * tf.cast(self.loss_scale, loss_val.dtype) return new_loss else: return loss * tf.cast(self.loss_scale, loss.dtype) def get_unscaled_gradients(self, grads): self._gradients_have_been_unscaled = True loss_scale_reciprocal = 1.0 / self.loss_scale return [ _multiply_gradient(g, loss_scale_reciprocal) if g is not None else None for g in grads ] def compute_gradients(self, loss, var_list, tape=None): tape = tf.GradientTape() if tape is None else tape with tape: loss = self.get_scaled_loss(loss) grads_and_vars = self._optimizer.compute_gradients( loss, var_list, tape=tape ) grads = [g for g, _ in grads_and_vars] weights = [v for _, v in grads_and_vars] unscaled_grads = self.get_unscaled_gradients(grads) return list(zip(unscaled_grads, weights)) def apply_gradients(self, grads_and_vars, skip_gradients_aggregation=False): if tf.distribute.in_cross_replica_context(): raise ValueError( "apply_gradients() must be called in a replica context." ) # We check for the strategy here despite already checking in the # constructor as frequently the optimizer is created outside the # strategy's scope. _raise_if_strategy_unsupported() _maybe_warn_about_scaling( self._loss_has_been_scaled, self._gradients_have_been_unscaled ) grads_and_vars = optimizer_utils.filter_empty_gradients(grads_and_vars) if not skip_gradients_aggregation: # We must aggregate the gradients here instead of in # self.optimizer.apply_gradients, so that any NaN or Inf gradients # are propagated to each replica. If any replica has a NaN or Inf # gradient, they must all have a NaN or Inf gradient so that they # all skip the step. grads_and_vars = self._optimizer.aggregate_gradients(grads_and_vars) grads_and_vars = tuple(grads_and_vars) grads = [g for g, _ in grads_and_vars] # We do not want DistributionStrategy to unwrap any MirroredVariables in # grads_and_vars, because even in a replica context, the wrapped # optimizer expects mirrored variables. So we wrap the variables with an # _UnwrapPreventer, preventing DistributionStrategy from unwrapping the # MirroredVariables. wrapped_vars = _UnwrapPreventer([v for _, v in grads_and_vars]) def do_not_apply_fn(): # Normally self._optimizer.iterations is incremented in # self._optimizer.apply_gradients(). Since that is not called in # this branch, we increment it here instead. self._optimizer.iterations.assign_add(1, read_value=False) def _if_should_apply_grads(grads): if isinstance(self._loss_scale, _DynamicLossScaleState): _, should_apply_grad = self._loss_scale.update(grads) return should_apply_grad else: return True if tf.__internal__.distribute.strategy_supports_no_merge_call(): should_apply_grads = _if_should_apply_grads(grads) def apply_fn(): return self._apply_gradients(grads, wrapped_vars) tf.__internal__.smart_cond.smart_cond( should_apply_grads, apply_fn, do_not_apply_fn ) else: def _apply_gradients_cross_replica( distribution, grads, wrapped_vars ): should_apply_grads = _if_should_apply_grads(grads) def apply_fn(): distribution.extended.call_for_each_replica( self._apply_gradients, args=(grads, wrapped_vars) ) # Note: We must call this cond() in a cross-replica context. # DistributionStrategy does not support having a cond in a # replica context with a branch that calls `merge_call`, and # self._optimizer.apply_gradients calls `merge_call`. tf.__internal__.smart_cond.smart_cond( should_apply_grads, apply_fn, do_not_apply_fn ) tf.distribute.get_replica_context().merge_call( _apply_gradients_cross_replica, args=(grads, wrapped_vars) ) def _apply_gradients(self, grads, wrapped_vars): # Pass skip_gradients_aggregation=True since LossScaleOptimizer # already aggregated the gradients. self._optimizer.apply_gradients( list(zip(grads, wrapped_vars.value)), skip_gradients_aggregation=True, ) def get_config(self): serialized_optimizer = optimizers.serialize(self._optimizer) return { "inner_optimizer": serialized_optimizer, "dynamic": self.dynamic, "initial_scale": self.initial_scale, "dynamic_growth_steps": self.dynamic_growth_steps, } @classmethod def from_config(cls, config, custom_objects=None): config = config.copy() # Make a copy, since we mutate config inner_optimizer = optimizers.deserialize( config["inner_optimizer"], custom_objects=custom_objects, use_legacy_optimizer=False, ) del config["inner_optimizer"] return cls(inner_optimizer, **config) @property def iterations(self): return self._optimizer.iterations @iterations.setter def iterations(self, variable): self._optimizer.iterations = variable @property def learning_rate(self): return self._optimizer.learning_rate @learning_rate.setter def learning_rate(self, learning_rate): self._optimizer.learning_rate = learning_rate @property def use_ema(self): return self._optimizer.use_ema @use_ema.setter def use_ema(self, use_ema): self._optimizer.use_ema = use_ema @property def ema_momentum(self): return self._optimizer.ema_momentum @ema_momentum.setter def ema_momentum(self, ema_momentum): self._optimizer.ema_momentum = ema_momentum class FakeOptimizerForRestoration(tf.__internal__.tracking.Trackable): """A fake optimizer used to support restoring TensorFlow 2.2 checkpoints. The checkpoint format for LossScaleOptimizers changed after TF 2.2. This class exists to support restoring TF 2.2 checkpoints in newer version of TensorFlow. In TF 2.2, LossScaleOptimizer would track the wrapped optimizer by calling the following in LossScaleOptimizer.__init__ ``` self._track_trackable(self._optimizer, 'base_optimizer') ``` This means a dependency from the LossScaleOptimizer to the wrapped optimizer would be stored in the checkpoint. However now, the checkpoint format with a LossScaleOptimizer is the same as the format without a LossScaleOptimizer, except the loss scale is also stored. This means there is no dependency from the LossScaleOptimizer to the wrapped optimizer. Instead, the LossScaleOptimizer acts as if it is the wrapped optimizer, from a checkpoint's perspective, by overriding all Trackable methods and delegating them to the wrapped optimizer. To allow restoring TF 2.2. checkpoints, LossScaleOptimizer adds a dependency on this class instead of the inner optimizer. When restored, this class will instead restore the slot variables of the inner optimizer. Since this class has no variables, it does not affect the checkpoint when saved. """ def __init__(self, optimizer): self._optimizer = optimizer def get_slot_names(self): return self._optimizer.get_slot_names() def _create_or_restore_slot_variable( self, slot_variable_position, slot_name, variable ): return self._optimizer._create_or_restore_slot_variable( slot_variable_position, slot_name, variable ) def _create_loss_scale_optimizer_from_v1_loss_scale(optimizer, loss_scale): """Creates an LSO from a tf.compat.v1.mixed_precision.LossScale. This is only used to pass to `tf.__internal__.mixed_precision.register_loss_scale_wrapper` below, which is called so that `tf.compat.v1.mixed_precision.enable_mixed_precision_graph_rewrite` can wrap a Keras optimizer with a LossScaleOptimizer. Args: optimizer: An OptimizerV2 instance. loss_scale: A `tf.compat.v1.mixed_precision.LossScale` instance Returns: A LossScaleOptimizer that wraps `optimizer` and uses the same loss scaling algorithm as `loss_scale`. """ if isinstance(loss_scale, (int, float)): return LossScaleOptimizer( optimizer, dynamic=False, initial_scale=loss_scale ) elif isinstance(loss_scale, tf.compat.v1.mixed_precision.FixedLossScale): ls_val = loss_scale._loss_scale_value return LossScaleOptimizer( optimizer, dynamic=False, initial_scale=ls_val ) elif loss_scale == "dynamic": return LossScaleOptimizer(optimizer) elif isinstance(loss_scale, tf.compat.v1.mixed_precision.DynamicLossScale): if loss_scale.multiplier != 2: raise ValueError( f'When passing a DynamicLossScale to "loss_scale", ' f"DynamicLossScale.multiplier must be 2. Got: " f"{loss_scale}" ) return LossScaleOptimizer( optimizer, initial_scale=loss_scale.initial_loss_scale, dynamic_growth_steps=loss_scale.increment_period, ) elif isinstance(loss_scale, tf.compat.v1.mixed_precision.LossScale): raise TypeError( f"Passing a LossScale that is not a FixedLossScale or a " f"DynamicLossScale is not supported. Got: {loss_scale}" ) else: raise ValueError( f"Invalid value passed to loss_scale. loss_scale " f'must be the string "dynamic" (recommended), an int, ' f"a float, a FixedLossScale, or a DynamicLossScale. Got " f"value: {loss_scale}" ) tf.__internal__.mixed_precision.register_loss_scale_wrapper( optimizer_v2.OptimizerV2, _create_loss_scale_optimizer_from_v1_loss_scale, LossScaleOptimizer, ) def _multiply_gradient(gradient, scale): """Multiply a (possibly sparse) gradient by the given scale factor.""" scale = tf.cast(scale, gradient.dtype) if isinstance(gradient, tf.IndexedSlices): return tf.IndexedSlices( gradient.values * scale, gradient.indices, dense_shape=gradient.dense_shape, ) else: return gradient * scale def strategy_supports_loss_scaling(): """Returns True if the current Strategy supports loss scaling.""" if not tf.distribute.has_strategy(): return True strategy = tf.distribute.get_strategy() # Strategies are supported if either there is only one replica or if # variables are replicated per device. Otherwise, the current model.fit() # implementation and most custom training loops incorrectly unscale the # gradients. Currently, gradients are unscaled once per compute replica, but # they should be unscaled once per variable replica. When there is one # variable replica for each compute replica, this works fine, but otherwise # issues will occur. # TODO(reedwm): Support all strategies. return isinstance( strategy, ( tf.distribute.MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy, tf.compat.v1.distribute.experimental.MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy, tf.distribute.OneDeviceStrategy, tf.compat.v1.distribute.OneDeviceStrategy, tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy, tf.compat.v1.distribute.MirroredStrategy, ), ) def _raise_if_strategy_unsupported(): """Raise an exception if the current strategy doesn't support loss scaling.""" if not strategy_supports_loss_scaling(): strategy = tf.distribute.get_strategy() if isinstance( strategy, ( tf.distribute.experimental.TPUStrategy, tf.compat.v1.distribute.experimental.TPUStrategy, tf.distribute.TPUStrategy, ), ): raise ValueError( "Loss scaling is not supported with TPUStrategy. Loss scaling " "is unnecessary with TPUs, since they support bfloat16 instead " "of float16 and bfloat16 does not require loss scaling. You " "should remove the use of the LossScaleOptimizer when TPUs are " "used." ) else: raise ValueError( f"Loss scaling is not supported with the " f"tf.distribute.Strategy: " f"{strategy.__class__.__name__}. Try using a different " f"Strategy, e.g. a MirroredStrategy" )